Genotoxic consequences of endogenous aldehydes on mouse haematopoietic stem cell function
Juan I. GaraycoecheaGerry P. CrossanFrederic LangevinMaria DalyMark J. ArendsKetan J. Patel
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) regenerate blood cells throughout the lifespan of an organism. With age, the functional quality of HSCs declines, partly owing to the accumulation of damaged DNA1, 2, 3. However, the factors that damage DNA and the protective mechanisms that operate in these cells are poorly understood. We have recently shown that the Fanconi anaemia DNA-repair pathway counteracts the genotoxic effects of reactive aldehydes4, 5. Mice with combined inactivation of aldehyde catabolism (through Aldh2 knockout) and the Fanconi anaemia DNA-repair pathway (Fancd2 knockout) display developmental defects, a predisposition to leukaemia, and are susceptible to the toxic effects of ethanol—an exogenous source of acetaldehyde4. Here we report that aged Aldh2−/−Fancd2−/− mutant mice that do not develop leukaemia spontaneously develop aplastic anaemia, with the concomitant accumulation of damaged DNA within the haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) pool. Unexpectedly, we find that only HSPCs, and not more mature blood precursors, require Aldh2 for protection against acetaldehyde toxicity. Additionally, the aldehyde-oxidizing activity of HSPCs, as measured by Aldefluor stain, is due to Aldh2 and correlates with this protection. Finally, there is more than a 600-fold reduction in the HSC pool of mice deficient in both Fanconi anaemia pathway-mediated DNA repair and acetaldehyde detoxification. Therefore, the emergence of bone marrow failure in Fanconi anaemia is probably due to aldehyde-mediated genotoxicity restricted to the HSPC pool. These findings identify a new link between endogenous reactive metabolites and DNA damage in HSCs, and define the protective mechanisms that counteract this threat
Nature：酒精分解产物破坏造血干细胞
发布时间：2012-08-30 00:00 文章来源： 作者：
2012年8月28日 讯 /生物谷BIOON/ --英国医学研究理事会（MRC）分子生物学实验室的科学家们已经发现，人体内骨髓中的造血干细胞对酒精的主要分解产物是极为敏感的，这可能导致造血干细胞不可逆的DNA损害。
相关研究在老鼠身上开展的，其结果发表于国际权威杂志Nature上，新的研究表明这种造血干细胞的DNA损害通常存在两个重要的控制机制：一种可以清除有毒分解产物（乙醛）的酶，一组能够识别和修复受损DNA的蛋白。缺乏这两种保护机制的小鼠由于血液干细胞闭塞导致骨髓造血功能衰竭。调查结果提供了一个解释，为什么有的人患有一种称为范可尼贫血（FA）的罕见遗传性疾病。患有这种疾病的人继承一个或多个FA基因突变，从而导致乙醛引起的DNA损伤得不到修复。因此，FA患者患发育缺陷、骨髓造血功能衰竭、血液和其他癌症的风险极高。这些人缺乏酶ALDH2来消除有毒的乙醛，因此可能对DNA的损伤异常敏感。作者认为，酒精消费量可能会导致造血干细胞永久性损坏，骨髓造血功能衰竭和加速老化，血癌风险增加。MRC分子生物学实验室KJ Patel博士说：造血干细胞是给我们的整个生命周期提供了源源不断的健康的血液细胞，随着年龄的增长，这些重要的干细胞变得不那么有效，因为其DNA受到损伤。我们的研究确定这种DNA损伤的一个重要来源，定义了干细胞用于对付这种威胁的两种保护机制。
研究人员去年发表的一篇论文显示，如果没有这两个层次的保护，酒精的分解产物对血液老说是非常有毒的，我们现在确定了究竟在何处发生了这种DNA损伤，这一点是非常重要的，因为这意味着，我们证实了酒精不只是杀害良性循环细胞，还能破坏血细胞工厂的造血干细胞。一旦这些血液干细胞被损坏，这有可能导致白血病，当血液干细胞都受损伤时将会导致骨髓造血功能衰竭。这一发现对广大自亚洲国家如中国的人来说具有重要意义，上述地区的人有多达三分之一的人缺乏ALDH2酶。（生物谷：Bioon.com）
doi:10.1038/nature11368
PMC:
PMID:
Genotoxic consequences of endogenous aldehydes on mouse haematopoietic stem cell function
Juan I. GaraycoecheaGerry P. CrossanFrederic LangevinMaria DalyMark J. ArendsKetan J. Patel
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) regenerate blood cells throughout the lifespan of an organism. With age, the functional quality of HSCs declines, partly owing to the accumulation of damaged DNA1, 2, 3. However, the factors that damage DNA and the protective mechanisms that operate in these cells are poorly understood. We have recently shown that the Fanconi anaemia DNA-repair pathway counteracts the genotoxic effects of reactive aldehydes4, 5. Mice with combined inactivation of aldehyde catabolism (through Aldh2 knockout) and the Fanconi anaemia DNA-repair pathway (Fancd2 knockout) display developmental defects, a predisposition to leukaemia, and are susceptible to the toxic effects of ethanol—an exogenous source of acetaldehyde4. Here we report that aged Aldh2−/− Fancd2−/− mutant mice that do not develop leukaemia spontaneously develop aplastic anaemia, with the concomitant accumulation of damaged DNA within the haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) pool. Unexpectedly, we find that only HSPCs, and not more mature blood precursors, require Aldh2 for protection against acetaldehyde toxicity. Additionally, the aldehyde-oxidizing activity of HSPCs, as measured by Aldefluor stain, is due to Aldh2 and correlates with this protection. Finally, there is more than a 600-fold reduction in the HSC pool of mice deficient in both Fanconi anaemia pathway-mediated DNA repair and acetaldehyde detoxification. Therefore, the emergence of bone marrow failure in Fanconi anaemia is probably due to aldehyde-mediated genotoxicity restricted to the HSPC pool. These findings identify a new link between endogenous reactive metabolites and DNA damage in HSCs, and define the protective mechanisms that counteract this threat